Step 1
Understand
Read a focused rule with translated examples and common corrections.
Spanish grammar · B2
B2 Spanish Grammar Course
Build upper-intermediate control of compound perfect forms, unreal past situations, dependent-clause time, passive and impersonal structures, precise relative clauses, reported viewpoints, connected arguments, and formal register.
A complete guided learning path
Step 2
Practise
Work through 40 lessons and 120 persistent skills.
Step 3
Review
Complete 10 unit checkpoints and return when skills become due.
B2 course syllabus
Learn each unit in a practical order
Unit 1
Build compound perfect systems
Place completed actions relative to future, hypothetical, present-subjunctive, and past-subjunctive viewpoints.
B2 · 3 skillsFuture perfectBuild the Spanish future perfect with the future of haber and a past participle, then use it for completed future actions and conjecture about the past.B2 · 3 skillsConditional perfectForm the Spanish conditional perfect and use it for unreal past results, missed possibilities, and unfulfilled preferences.B2 · 3 skillsPresent perfect subjunctiveUse haya plus a past participle for completed actions viewed through present reactions, doubt, evaluation, or a pending future reference point.B2 · 3 skillsPast perfect subjunctiveBuild the past perfect subjunctive with hubiera or hubiese and use it for earlier actions under a past trigger and unreal past conditions.
Unit 2
Reason about unreal past situations
Connect unreal conditions, imagined consequences, reported probability, and regret across past and present viewpoints.
B2 · 3 skillsThird conditionalCombine a past perfect subjunctive condition with a conditional-perfect result to explain unreal past situations and their imagined consequences.B2 · 3 skillsMixed conditionalsConnect an unreal past condition to a present result, or a contrary present situation to an unreal past result.B2 · 3 skillsConditional perfect for conjectureUse the conditional perfect to present an earlier event as inferred, attributed, or unconfirmed from a past or reported viewpoint.B2 · 3 skillsPast regrets with ojaláUse ojalá or si al menos with the past perfect subjunctive to express regret, criticism, and wishes about an unchangeable past.
Unit 3
Control time across dependent clauses
Choose forms from the trigger viewpoint, the dependent action's relative time, and whether one or two subjects are involved.
B2 · 3 skillsSubjunctive sequence of tensesChoose present, perfect, imperfect, or past-perfect subjunctive forms from the trigger's viewpoint and the dependent action's time.B2 · 3 skillsPast emotions and wishesUse imperfect or past-perfect subjunctive after past emotions and wishes, distinguishing simultaneous or later actions from earlier completed ones.B2 · 3 skillsReported requests in the pastReport past requests and commands while preserving speaker roles, distinguishing statements from instructions, and locating requested actions in time.B2 · 3 skillsInfinitive or que clauseChoose an infinitive for a shared or general subject and a finite que clause for an explicit second subject, including completed-action contrasts.
Unit 4
Choose passive and impersonal structures
Control agreement, agents, personal a, tense, and information focus across active, passive, and impersonal alternatives.
B2 · 3 skillsPassive voice with serBuild the Spanish passive voice with a tense of ser, make the participle agree with the passive subject, and add an agent with por when it matters.B2 · 3 skillsPassive se and agreementBuild passive-se sentences with transitive verbs, make the verb agree with the grammatical subject, and use natural subject placement.B2 · 3 skillsPassive se or impersonal seDistinguish an agreeing passive subject from an unspecified human actor using transitivity, personal a, number agreement, and meaning.B2 · 3 skillsReformulate active and passive sentencesMove between active, ser-passive, passive-se, and impersonal structures while preserving tense, participants, meaning, and appropriate focus.
Unit 5
Build precise relative clauses
Connect possession, prepositional relationships, people, things, and whole ideas with precise relative forms and appropriate register.
B2 · 3 skillsThe relative possessive cuyoUse cuyo to connect a possessor to a following possessed noun, with agreement in gender and number and without an extra article or possessive.B2 · 3 skillsPrepositions with relative pronounsKeep the preposition required inside a relative clause and choose que, quien, or an article-based relative according to the antecedent, clarity, and register.B2 · 3 skillsEl cual, el que, and quienChoose among article-based relatives and quien by antecedent, punctuation, preposition, formality, and the need to make reference unambiguous.B2 · 3 skillsLo cual and whole-clause referenceUse neutral lo cual to comment on an entire preceding fact or proposition, especially in formal explanatory writing, without treating it as a noun-linked relative.
Unit 6
Express logical relationships with mood
Use mood and register to distinguish asserted, hypothetical, denied, actual, and intended relationships across concessions, causes, and results.
B2 · 3 skillsAunque with indicative or subjunctiveChoose indicative for an asserted concession and subjunctive for hypothetical, pending, or deliberately backgrounded information.B2 · 3 skillsAdvanced concession clausesBuild nuanced concessions with por más que, aun cuando, incluso si, si bien, pese a que, and a pesar de que.B2 · 3 skillsCause clauses and speaker commitmentPresent causes as asserted explanations, frame them as shared information, or reject one explanation while supplying another.B2 · 3 skillsResult clausesExpress factual degree results, distinguish actual from intended consequences, and choose result connectors with the appropriate mood and register.
Unit 7
Handle pronouns and se precisely
Control advanced object doubling, affected-person constructions, competing meanings of se, and major regional object-pronoun patterns.
B2 · 3 skillsAdvanced clitic doublingUse an object clitic together with an explicit noun phrase when Spanish grammar, information structure, emphasis, or clarity calls for both.B2 · 3 skillsAccidental seDescribe unintended or affected events with se, an indirect-object pronoun, and a verb agreeing with the thing involved.B2 · 3 skillsContrast the meanings of seDistinguish reflexive, reciprocal, pronominal, passive, impersonal, accidental, and indirect-object-replacement uses through syntax and meaning.B2 · 3 skillsLeísmo, laísmo, and loísmo awarenessRecognize standard object-pronoun roles, accepted person leísmo in parts of Spain, and regionally marked laísmo or loísmo without stigmatizing speakers.
Unit 8
Report complex viewpoints
Report compound time relationships, complex questions, shifting reference points, and sustained multi-source narratives.
B2 · 3 skillsCompound tenses in reported speechBackshift compound forms when the reporting viewpoint requires it while preserving completion, sequence, and continuing relevance.B2 · 3 skillsMood in reported questionsKeep the interrogative core in the indicative while selecting subjunctive where an embedded wish, request, unknown antecedent, or deliberative meaning independently requires it.B2 · 3 skillsTime, place, and demonstrative shiftsRecalculate time, place, demonstratives, movement verbs, and personal reference from the reporter's actual viewpoint instead of applying automatic substitutions.B2 · 3 skillsSustained indirect narrationMaintain source, tense sequence, reference, and paragraph cohesion across several reported statements without repetitive or ambiguous reporting frames.
Unit 9
Organize connected arguments
Build coherent arguments by adding, contrasting, explaining, deriving consequences, sequencing evidence, and qualifying claims.
B2 · 3 skillsAdvanced addition and contrastAdd, reinforce, counterbalance, and distinguish claims with connector families whose punctuation and register fit the relationship.B2 · 3 skillsCause and consequence connectorsConnect causes and consequences with noun phrases or clauses while controlling connotation, syntax, punctuation, and formal register.B2 · 3 skillsOrganize an argumentGuide readers through a thesis, ordered reasons, examples, counterpoints, and a conclusion without using connectors as interchangeable decoration.B2 · 3 skillsQualify and hedge claimsAdjust certainty, scope, and interpersonal force with probability expressions, impersonal frames, conditional forms, and explicit limits.
Unit 10
Control register and edit for clarity
Make formal requests, manage institutional agency, use nominal style selectively, and edit complete B2 texts for accuracy and clarity.
B2 · 3 skillsFormal requests and recommendationsChoose conditional questions, impersonal frames, request verbs, and formal commands according to authority, distance, and the action requested.B2 · 3 skillsImpersonal formal registerUse impersonal se, passive se, ser passives, impersonal expressions, and institutional first-person forms to manage agency and tone.B2 · 3 skillsNominalization in formal SpanishTransform selected actions and qualities into noun phrases for compact formal writing while preserving participants, prepositions, and readable style.B2 · 3 skillsB2 grammar editing and reformulationDiagnose and revise advanced Spanish for tense and mood, reference and pronouns, cohesion, concision, and consistent register without changing meaning.