Step 1
Understand
Read a focused rule with translated examples and common corrections.
Spanish grammar · C1
C1 Spanish Grammar Course
Develop advanced control of stance, tense and aspect, evidence, subordination, information structure, cohesion, clitics, academic and professional register, discourse markers, and meaning-preserving editing.
A complete guided learning path
Step 2
Practise
Work through 40 lessons and 120 persistent skills.
Step 3
Review
Complete 10 unit checkpoints and return when skills become due.
C1 course syllabus
Learn each unit in a practical order
Unit 1
Express speaker stance through mood
Move beyond trigger lists by using mood to assert, withhold, presuppose, evaluate, background, and recalibrate propositions.
C1 · 3 skillsAssertive verbs and moodChoose indicative or subjunctive according to whether an assertive expression presents information as established, attributes a claim, or explicitly withholds commitment.C1 · 3 skillsNegation, questions, and moodInterpret the scope and pragmatic force of negation and questions instead of treating either one as an automatic subjunctive trigger.C1 · 3 skillsFactive and evaluative clausesSeparate knowledge and recognition from emotional or value judgments so factual acceptance does not incorrectly force one mood in every clause.C1 · 3 skillsMeaning changes through mood choiceUse indicative and subjunctive as discourse choices that assert, background, reject, or soften the speaker's commitment to the same underlying proposition.
Unit 2
Shape tense, aspect, and viewpoint
Guide readers through extended narration by shifting temporal viewpoint, foregrounding past events, and choosing aspect for discourse meaning.
C1 · 3 skillsNarrative tense shiftsShift deliberately among narrative time frames to foreground events, revisit earlier causes, and comment from a later viewpoint without losing temporal orientation.C1 · 3 skillsThe historical presentUse present forms inside past narration to foreground decisive events while keeping the original past time frame clear and controlled.C1 · 3 skillsStylistic uses of the imperfectRecognize and use the narrative, prospective, and imminent-action imperfect when a speaker adopts a viewpoint rather than merely describing habitual background.C1 · 3 skillsPerfect-aspect nuanceChoose perfect forms for prior situations that remain relevant to a viewpoint, and non-perfect forms when narration treats the situation as a bounded event or internal background.
Unit 3
Express probability and evidence
Separate direct knowledge, inference, attribution, possibility, and qualified approximation through precise modal choices.
C1 · 3 skillsFuture forms as evidenceUse simple and perfect future forms to present conclusions inferred from current evidence while distinguishing inference from prediction and neutral fact.C1 · 3 skillsConditional forms as reported evidenceUse conditional forms to attribute unconfirmed present, future, or past information to a source without confusing reported evidence with hypothetical results.C1 · 3 skillsDeber de and probabilityUse deber de plus an infinitive to express inference, control its temporal viewpoint, and keep probabilistic meaning distinct from obligation.C1 · 3 skillsAdvanced modal periphrasesChoose among possibility, strong inference, approximation, and expected-outcome constructions to express precisely how evidence supports a conclusion.
Unit 4
Build advanced subordinate relationships
Connect events and arguments through precise temporal, concessive, conditional, comparative, and proportional relationships.
C1 · 3 skillsAdvanced time clausesCoordinate immediate succession, duration, and temporal boundaries across complex viewpoints with precise connectors and mood choices.C1 · 3 skillsC1 concession clausesExpress free-choice obstacles, reduced concessions, and formally acknowledged counterarguments without repeating the standard aunque contrast.C1 · 3 skillsException and condition clausesSet exceptions, sufficient conditions, warnings, and counterfactual enabling circumstances with precise connectors and mood.C1 · 3 skillsComparison and proportion clausesBuild correlated changes, hypothetical comparisons, and precise degree contrasts with the tense and mood required by the intended relationship.
Unit 5
Control information and emphasis
Organize established and new information through topics, focus, clefts, and deliberate constituent order.
C1 · 3 skillsTopicalizationPlace established information at the left or right edge of a sentence while preserving clitic reference, contrast, and discourse continuity.C1 · 3 skillsFocus structuresMark corrective, contrastive, and exhaustive focus through placement, stress-sensitive structure, and explicit focus expressions.C1 · 3 skillsCleft sentencesUse ser clefts, pseudoclefts, and que-focused colloquial patterns to identify the focused participant, time, place, or reason.C1 · 3 skillsWord order for emphasisReorder subjects, objects, complements, and modifiers to manage given and new information without breaking clitic, agreement, or interpretation constraints.
Unit 6
Maintain cohesion across long texts
Build unambiguous chains of reference and remove repetition without losing participants, propositions, or logical relations.
C1 · 3 skillsDiscourse deixisRefer precisely to earlier and upcoming sections, claims, and events with demonstratives and discourse-location expressions.C1 · 3 skillsAnaphora and referenceMaintain clear participant and proposition reference across sentences using pronouns, noun phrases, and strategic repetition.C1 · 3 skillsAdvanced relative linkingUse sentence relatives and prepositional relatives to connect complex information while preserving a clear antecedent and logical relation.C1 · 3 skillsEllipsis and substitutionAvoid unnecessary repetition through recoverable omission and substitutes while retaining agreement, contrast, and reference clarity.
Unit 7
Use advanced clitic patterns
Use optional, aspectual, doubled, and clustered clitics with precise meaning and register.
C1 · 3 skillsThe ethical dativeControl the ethical dative according to meaning, information structure, and register.C1 · 3 skillsAspectual seControl aspectual se according to meaning, information structure, and register.C1 · 3 skillsObject-pronoun duplicationControl object-pronoun duplication according to meaning, information structure, and register.C1 · 3 skillsComplex clitic orderControl complex clitic order according to meaning, information structure, and register.
Unit 8
Write in academic and professional registers
Control density, agency, evidential stance, and source attribution across academic and professional texts.
C1 · 3 skillsNominal styleManage information density with nominal groups while keeping actions, participants, logical relations, and agency clear.C1 · 3 skillsPassive and impersonal formal writingChoose active, passive, impersonal, or institutional voice according to information flow, genre, and the need to identify responsibility.C1 · 3 skillsAcademic hedging and stanceCalibrate the strength, scope, and evidential basis of academic claims without making them absolute, contradictory, or empty.C1 · 3 skillsReporting sources and claimsIntegrate sources with precise attribution, stance-bearing reporting verbs, coherent tense, and an explicit boundary between source and writer claims.
Unit 9
Guide readers through complex discourse
Signal reformulation, exemplification, concession, counterargument, synthesis, and closure with exact rhetorical relationships.
C1 · 3 skillsReformulation connectorsRestate, define, correct, or distance a formulation with a connector that accurately signals the new version's relationship to the first.C1 · 3 skillsExemplification and clarificationDistinguish an example, a specification, an exhaustive list, and a clarifying aside through connector choice and punctuation.C1 · 3 skillsConcession and counterargumentAcknowledge a valid point, limit its force, and answer it with a proportionate counterargument instead of merely placing contrasting statements together.C1 · 3 skillsConclusion and synthesisClose an extended argument by summarizing, integrating, or deriving a conclusion without repeating mechanically or introducing unsupported evidence.
Unit 10
Edit for precision and cohesion
Resolve ambiguity and edit register, reference, logic, and meaning across complete C1 texts.
C1 · 3 skillsResolve syntactic ambiguityDiagnose and revise ambiguous attachment, reference, and scope while retaining the intended emphasis and meaning.C1 · 3 skillsMaintain register consistencyKeep forms of address, vocabulary, sentence design, and institutional voice appropriate and coherent across a complete text.C1 · 3 skillsEdit cohesion and referenceRepair reference chains, connector logic, paragraph progression, repetition, and omission across extended Spanish prose.C1 · 3 skillsC1 grammar editing and reformulationEdit extended C1 texts by diagnosing meaning first, prioritizing consequential problems, and reformulating with precise grammar, cohesion, and register.